The interculturality of Pro-life ethics reflects the way diverse cultures and belief systems converge on the issue of the sanctity of human life, particularly regarding topics like abortion, euthanasia, and bioethics. At its core, Pro-life ethics emphasizes the protection and preservation of life, often arguing that life begins at conception and deserves protection from that point. While this perspective is most commonly associated with certain religious traditions, such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, it can also be found in secular and indigenous worldviews, which stress the interconnectedness of life and the inherent value of each human being.
For instance, in Animism, which is prevalent among various indigenous and traditional belief systems, Pro-life ethics are deeply connected to the belief that all living beings—humans, animals, plants, and even inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence. Life is seen as interconnected, and the taking of life, including through abortion, is often viewed as disrupting the natural balance and harmony of the world.
Different cultures bring unique insights and variations to Pro-life ethics, shaped by their own traditions, laws, and social frameworks. For example, in many Asian societies, Buddhist and Confucian principles contribute to discussions on life, where the concept of karma and moral responsibility for future generations are important. In African cultures, the emphasis on communal life and the role of ancestors can inform Pro-life perspectives, framing life within a broader social and spiritual context. Meanwhile, in indigenous cultures of the Americas and Oceania, a holistic view of life, interconnected with nature, often extends the Pro-life argument beyond human existence to include respect for all living beings. Let’s explore the pro-life position of the different religions:
1. Eastern religions / philosophies*
In Buddhism, Pro-life ethics are rooted in the principle of ahimsa (non-violence), meaning that abortion is generally discouraged as it involves taking a life. In Sikhism, life is considered sacred from conception, and abortion is typically opposed, aligning with the Sikh belief in the divinity of life and the importance of compassion. Hinduism also holds life in high regard, with an opposition to abortion due to the belief in karma and the sacredness of the soul. Taoism emphasizes the sanctity of all life as an integral part of the Tao, or the natural way. Followers may believe that every being has its own path and purpose, advocating for the preservation of life to maintain harmony within the universe. This perspective encourages a deep respect for the natural processes of life and death, fostering compassion and support for both the unborn and their mothers in making nurturing choices that promote balance and well-being.
In Confucianism, Pro-life ethics are guided by a deep respect for life, family, and societal harmony, although the philosophy does not explicitly address abortion. Confucian thought emphasizes the importance of filial piety, family continuity, and the moral duties one has toward both ancestors and future generations. Abortion is generally discouraged because it disrupts the natural flow of life and lineage, which are central to Confucian values.
2. Indigenous american / oceanian philosophies **
Indigenous cultures of the Americas and Oceania, despite their vast diversity, often share common values surrounding life, community, and the natural world. Many of these cultures traditionally hold pro-life views, though these perspectives are often more complex and holistic than the modern political framing of the term: Both regions emphasize the collective responsibility of nurturing and protecting life, especially for children and the vulnerable, while also respecting women’s role as life-givers. Spirituality plays a key role, with life seen as part of a larger ecological and spiritual continuum. While many Indigenous groups hold pro-life views, these are often more nuanced, balancing the sanctity of life with practical considerations of ecological sustainability, communal well-being, and spiritual guidance.
Indigenous North America embraced a life-affirming worldview that deeply values interconnectedness between humans, nature, and the cosmos. For example, the concept of “All My Relations” from First Nations people in North America reflects their view that all living things are connected, deserving of respect and protection. This includes a belief in the sacredness of life, stewardship of the land, and responsibility toward future generations. Their views on life are deeply rooted in spiritual beliefs, ecological relationships, and communal responsibilities. They hold a holistic view of life, interconnected with nature, often extending the Pro-life argument beyond human existence to include respect for all living beings.
Similarly, Indigenous cultures in Oceania, like the Māori, also emphasize caring for the environment and its life forms as part of their spiritual and cultural duties, often translating into views that are protective of life
3. African (pre-christian) religions/philosophies ***
Also in many African tribal cultures, Pro-life ethics are deeply rooted in the communal and spiritual understanding of life, where the individual is seen as part of an extended network that includes ancestors, the living community, and future generations. Life is considered sacred from conception, as it contributes to the continuity of the tribe and honors the ancestral lineage. Abortion is often viewed as disrupting this cycle and may be prohibited or heavily discouraged. The interconnectedness of life, community well-being, and spiritual beliefs shapes the Pro-life stance in these cultures, emphasizing the collective responsibility to protect and nurture life.
4. Western religions ****
In Judaism, the pro-life position is grounded in the belief that life is a sacred gift from God and that human beings are created in God’s image (Genesis 1:27). While Jewish law recognizes the sanctity of life, it also takes a nuanced approach. In Jewish law (halakha), the fetus is considered a potential life, not a full person. The Talmud teaches that the fetus becomes a person only upon birth, when the head or majority of the body emerges (Mishnah Ohalot 7:6). Nonetheless, the potential for life is deeply valued. Jewish ethics emphasize the importance of protecting life, and abortion is generally prohibited.
Christianity, particularly in the Catholic tradition, holds a strong pro-life position, rooted in the belief that all human beings are created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). This belief emphasizes the sanctity and inherent dignity of every human life from conception to natural death. Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI’s encyclical, reaffirms this by stating, “Human life is sacred: from its inception it reveals the creating hand of God” (Humanae Vitae, 13). The Catechism of the Catholic Church also underscores this, teaching that “Human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of conception” (CCC 2270). This foundation forms the core of the Christian pro-life ethic.
In Islam, the pro-life position is based on the belief in the sanctity of life, which is considered a sacred trust from God. The Qur’an clearly condemns the taking of life out of fear of poverty or hardship, stating, “Do not kill your children for fear of poverty. We provide for them and for you” (Qur’an 17:31). Abortion is generally forbidden, especially after 120 days of pregnancy when the soul is believed to enter the fetus. At this point, abortion is considered equivalent to taking an innocent life, which is a major sin.
Intercultural dialogue around Pro-life ethics allows for the sharing of values and a deeper understanding of life’s moral significance across different contexts. While there may be disagreements on specific aspects, such as when life begins or how best to balance the rights of individuals and the community, these discussions foster a more nuanced and empathetic approach to complex ethical issues. By embracing interculturality, Pro-life ethics can evolve to be more inclusive, addressing not only religious and philosophical concerns but also socio-economic, environmental, and medical factors that affect human dignity and life across diverse societies.
For more detailed insights, you can explore the following resources:
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For a deeper exploration of Buddhist ethics related to abortion, see this academic discussion. Or visit this Wikipedia page.
Hindu Perspectives on Abortion: This source explores the various Hindu texts and teachings regarding the sanctity of life, discussing how Hindu philosophy generally opposes abortion and emphasizes respect for life. You can read more here.
Human Life in Confucianism: This article discusses the moral dimensions of life from a Confucian perspective. It highlights how Confucian teachings promote the sanctity of life and familial responsibilities.
Confucian Ethics and Life: This resource delves into Confucian ethics and how they relate to life and death issues, emphasizing the importance of relationships and societal harmony in valuing life. More details are available here (Encyclopedia Britannica).
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https://firstnationspedagogy.ca/interconnect.html
https://www.resilience.org/stories/2022-11-21/an-indigenous-perspective-on-reconnecting-with-the-land/
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-0149-5_17
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African Culture and Legalized Abortion: Is life still sacred? – This article discusses the cultural significance of life in African contexts and the implications of abortion laws.
Personhood and Abortion in African Philosophy – This scholarly piece examines philosophical perspectives on personhood and the ethical implications surrounding abortion in African traditions.
No Place for Abortion in African (pre-christian) Traditional Life – An exploration of traditional African beliefs regarding procreation and the social ramifications of abortion.
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https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/529077/jewish/Judaism-and-Abortion.htm
https://www.amazon.de/Pro-Life-Jewish-Matriarchs-Reject-Abortion/dp/1517057116